نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 گروه فقه و حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه شهید مطهری، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The doctrine of a stipulation conflicting with the essence of a contract has historically held a pivotal and central position within both jurisprudential discourse and legal practice, consistently engaging jurists and practitioners alike. Rooted profoundly in historical precedents, especially its origins within Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), this legal-jurisprudential institution has undergone significant conceptual evolution. The early divergence among jurists concerning the precise definition of a “stipulation contravening the contractual essence” engendered a wide spectrum of interpretative approaches. A comparative historical analysis of this doctrine reveals a substantial variance: some scholars posited an exceedingly broad interpretation, while others contended for a restrictive conceptual delimitation. Amidst these divergent perspectives, the theory of the specific conceptualization of the stipulation conflicting with the contract’s essence has gained notable acceptance. This theoretical framework achieves a critical equilibrium, eschewing both the undue expansiveness of overly generalized perspectives and the inherent restrictiveness of narrowly defined interpretations. By articulating the foundational principle and establishing precise criteria, this specific conceptual theory effectively delineates the boundaries of a stipulation conflicting with the contract’s essence from other forms of null or vitiating conditions, thereby accurately circumscribing the true jurisprudential scope of this fundamental legal institution.
کلیدواژهها [English]
منابع فارسی
منابع عربی
References
Al-Abi, Hasan ibn Abi Talib (1408). Kashf al-Rumuz fi Sharh al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi‘ (Unveiling the Symbols in the Explanation of the Beneficial Summary). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Ansari, Murtada (1415). Al-Makasib (The Gains). Qom: Kungra Buzurgdasht Sheikh Ansari (in Arabic).
Bahrani, Yusuf (1363). Al-Hada’iq al-Nadira fi Ahkam al-‘Itra al-Tahira (The Radiant Gardens in the Rulings of the Pure Progeny). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Bojnurdi, Hasan (1377). Al-Qawa‘id al-Fiqhiyya (Jurisprudential Rules). Qom: Hadi (in Arabic).
Faydh Kashani, Muhammad (1395). Mafatih al-Shara’i‘ (Keys to the Sacred Laws). Tehran: Madrasa ‘Ali Shahid Mutahhari (in Persian).
Hilli, Hasan ibn Yusuf (1374). Mukhtalaf al-Shi‘a fi Ahkam al-Shari‘a (Differences of the Shia in the Rulings of Sharia). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Hilli, Hasan ibn Yusuf (1410). Irshad al-Adhhan ila Ahkam al-Iman (Guidance of Minds to the Rulings of Faith). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Hilli, Hasan ibn Yusuf (1413). Qawa‘id al-Ahkam (Rules of Judgments). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Hilli, Hasan ibn Yusuf (1414). Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha (Reminder for Jurists). Qom: Mu’assasat Al al-Bayt (AS) li-Ihya’ al-Turath (in Arabic).
Hilli, Hasan ibn Yusuf (1420). Tahrir al-Ahkam al-Shar‘iyya ‘ala Madhhab al-Imamiyya (Compilation of Legal Rulings According to the Imamiyya School). Qom: Mu’assasat Imam Sadiq (AS) (in Arabic).
Husayni ‘Amili, Muhammad Jawad (1419). Miftah al-Karama fi Sharh Qawa‘id al-‘Allama (The Key to Dignity in Explaining the Rules of the ‘Allama). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Husayni Maraghi, ‘Abd al-Fattah (1417). Al-‘Anawin al-Fiqhiyya (Jurisprudential Titles). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Ibn Babawayh, Muhammad ibn ‘Ali (1363). Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih (He Who Has No Access to a Jurist). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Ibn Idris, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (1429). Mawsu‘at Ibn Idris al-Hilli (Encyclopedia of Ibn Idris al-Hilli). Qom: Dalil Ma (in Arabic).
Ibn Zuhra, Hamza ibn ‘Ali (1417). Ghunyat al-Nuzu‘ ila ‘Ilmay al-Usul wa al-Furu‘ (The Wealth of Descent to the Sciences of Principles and Branches). Qom: Mu’assasat Imam Sadiq (AS) (in Arabic).
Irwani, ‘Ali (1379). Hashiyat al-Makasib (Annotations on Al-Makasib). Qom: Najafi (in Arabic).
Karimi, Abbas (1394). “Negahi No be Mafhum-e Shart-e Khalaf-e Muqtaday-e ‘Aqd” (A New Look at the Concept of a Condition Contrary to the Nature of a Contract). Bar Manhaj-e ‘Adl. Tehran: University of Tehran (in Persian).
Kashif al-Ghita’, Muhammad Husayn (1422). Tahrir al-Majalla (Compilation of the Journal). Qom: Majma‘ Taqrib Madhahib Islami (in Arabic).
Katouzian, Nasser (1390). Qawa‘id-e ‘Umumi-ye Qarardadha (General Rules of Contracts). Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Enteshar (in Persian).
Katouzian, Nasser (1394). ‘Uqud-e Mu‘ayyan (Specific Contracts). Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Enteshar (in Persian).
Karki, ‘Ali ibn Husayn (1414). Jami‘ al-Maqasid fi Sharh al-Qawa‘id (Comprehensive Objectives in Explaining the Rules). Qom: Mu’assasat Al al-Bayt (AS) li-Ihya’ al-Turath (in Arabic).
Khoei, Sayyid Abu al-Qasim (1412). Misbah al-Faqaha fi al-Mu‘amalat (The Lamp of Jurisprudence in Transactions). Beirut: Dar al-Hadi (in Arabic).
Muhaqqiq Damad, Sayyid Mustafa (1381). Qawa‘id-e Fiqh-e Madani (Civil Jurisprudential Rules). Tehran: Samt (in Persian).
Muqaddas Ardabili, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (n.d.). Majma‘ al-Fa’ida wa al-Burhan fi Sharh Irshad al-Adhhan (Collection of Benefit and Proof in Explaining Guidance of Minds). Qom: Jam‘iat Mudarrisin Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Musawi Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhullah (1392). Kitab al-Bay‘ (The Book of Sales). Tehran: Mu’assasat Tanzim wa Nashr Athar Imam Khomeini (RA) (in Arabic).
Najafi, Muhammad Hasan (1421). Jawahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara’i‘ al-Islam (Jewels of Discourse in Explaining the Laws of Islam). Qom: Mu’assasat Da’irat al-Ma‘arif Fiqh Islami bar Madhhab Ahl al-Bayt (AS) (in Arabic).
Naraqi, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1375). ‘Awa’id al-Ayyam (Benefits of the Days). Qom: Daftar Tablighat Islami Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Shahid Awwal, Muhammad ibn Makki (1430). Mawsu‘at al-Shahid al-Awwal (Encyclopedia of the First Martyr). Qom: A‘lam Islami Hawza ‘Ilmiyya Qom (in Arabic).
Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn ‘Ali (1410). Al-Rawda al-Bahiyya fi Sharh al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya (The Splendid Garden in Explaining the Damascene Glimmer). Qom: Dawari (in Arabic).
Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn ‘Ali (1413). Masalik al-Afham ila Tanqih Shara’i‘ al-Islam (Pathways of Understanding to Refining the Laws of Islam). Qom: Mu’assasat Ma‘arif Islami (in Arabic).
Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan (1365). Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Refinement of Rulings). Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya (in Arabic).
Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan (1387). Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiyya (The Expanded in Imamiyya Jurisprudence). Tehran: Murtadawi (in Arabic).
