Consequences of a Negotiated Peace Regarding Third Parties and the Public Interest

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Information Science, Quran and Hadith Sciences, University of Allameh Tabataba’i, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Information Science, Islamic law, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The concept of “contractual peace” refers to a contract concluded between conciliating parties in the form of one of the recognized contractual types. Such a contract produces the legal effects of specific contract categories while remaining independent from their particular provisions. The effects of this agreement are relative and confined to the conciliating parties themselves. Nevertheless, certain exclusions of special contractual provisions may result in harm to third‑party interests or to public welfare, or conversely, may create obligations in favor of third parties. Despite extensive scholarship in the field, a critical question remains unresolved: Can a peace contract, when executed in a transactional capacity, exert distinct effects on third‑party rights or public reconciliation compared with specific contracts? Furthermore, if public interests or the rights of third parties are adversely affected, does such transactional peace retain its legal validity? And in cases of interference, are the contracting parties legally liable? Through library‑based research, case study, and analytical legal reasoning, this study concludes that important distinctions must be recognized between benefit and harm to third parties, between direct and indirect harm, and between formal and substantive transactions. Additionally, the intention of the conciliating parties in forming the peace agreement is of decisive significance in determining its juridical consequences.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Religious Researches
Volume 22, Issue 1
March 2026
Pages 1-11

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History

  • Receive Date: 07 October 2024
  • Revise Date: 07 July 2025
  • Accept Date: 17 November 2025

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