Hoarding means to save foodstuffs or to buy and avoid selling in the intention of increasing the price. Although the jurists agree on the preference of hoarding, they disagree on its defining law. The majority of the jurists agree that it is unlawful. However, a number of jurists hold that it is abominable. Of course, the sound view is the dominant doctrine, because the narrations on cursing and punishing the hoarders on the one hand, and paralleling them with thieves and drinkers on the other hand are not in any way consistent with abomination. Although the dominant doctrine among the jurists based on the contents of Sakouni,s tradition restricts hoarding to six items including wheat, barley, date, curry, vegetable oil and olive oil, it seems that the words should not be restricted and a broader scope of hoarding should be considered. Since according to Imam 'Ali,s Covenant to Malik Ashtar in which hurting others is expressed as the criterion of hoarding as well as the no-harm rule hoarding cannot be restricted only to these items, but it also includes other needed non-food items.
مغربی، نعمانبن محمد (1385ق). دعائمالإسلام، چ دوم، قم: آلالبیت(ع).
مفید، محمدبن محمد (1413ق). المقنعة، چ اول، قم: کنگرۀ جهانی هزارۀ شیخ مفید(ره).
نجفی، محمدحسن (1404ق). جواهرالکلام، چ هفتم، بیروت: دارإحیاء التراث العربی.
نراقی، احمد (1415ق). مستندالشیعة، چ اول، قم: آلالبیت(ع).
References
- The Holy Quran
Al-Andalusi, Ibn Hazm (n.d.). local works, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. (in Arabic)
Al-Muttaqiyya Al-Hindi, Ali Ibn Hussam al-Din (1981). Kunz al-Amal, fifth edition, Beirut: Al-Risalah Institute. (in Arabic)
Ansari, Morteza (1994). Al-Makasib, first edition, Qom: Congress of Sheikh Ansari. (in Arabic)
Bahrani, Yusuf Ibn Ahmad (1984). Al-Hadaiq Al-Nadhira, first edition, Qom: Madarsin Society Publications. (in Arabic)
Fadhul Lankrani, Muhammad (2006). Tafsil al-Shari'a 'al-Shafi'i Sharh Tahrir al-Wasilah, Al-Makasib Al-Muharram, first edition, Qom: the jurisprudential center of the Imams, peace be upon them. (in Arabic)
Fayumi, Ahmad Ibn Muhammad (1993). Al-Misbah Al-Munir, second edition, Qom: Dar al-Hijra Institute. (in Arabic)
Haeri, Morteza (2016). Abthagha Al-Fadhila, Teachers Association. (in Arabic)
Halabi, Abu al-Salah, Taqiyat al-Din ibn Injma al-Din, (1983). Al-Kafiyya al-Fiqh, first edition, Isfahan: Public Library of Imam Amir al-Mu'minin, peace be upon him. (in Arabic)
Halli (researcher), Najmuddin Ja'far ibn Hassan (1988). Sharia al-Islam fi Ahkam al-Halal w, a al-Haram, second edition, Qom: Ismailian Institute Publications. (in Arabic).
---------- (1997). Al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi ', sixth edition, Qom: Religious Press Foundation. (in Arabic)
Halli, Ahmad Ibn Muhammad (1986). Al-Madhhabah Al-Bar'a, first edition, Qom: Society of Teachers. (in Arabic)
Halli, Fakhr al-Muhaqiqin, Muhammad ibn Husayn ibn Yusuf (1967). Explanation of benefits, first edition, Qom: Ismaili Institute. (in Arabic)
Halli, Hassan Ibn Yusuf Ibn Motahar (1991). The End of Content, First Edition, Mashhad: Islamic Research Complex. (in Arabic)
---------- (1992). Different Shiites, second edition, Qom: Teachers Association Publications. (in Arabic)
---------- (1992). rules of rules, first edition, Qom: publications of the Society of Teachers. (in Arabic)
---------- (1993). Tazkerat al-Fiqh, first edition, Qom: the family, peace be upon them. (in Arabic)
---------- (1998). The End of Judgments, First Edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Institute, peace be upon them. (in Arabic)
---------- (1999). Tahrir Al-Ahkam, first edition, Qom: Imam Sadegh (peace be upon him) Institute. (in Arabic)
Halli, Ibn Idris (1989). Al-Sarair, second edition, Qom: Society of Teachers. (in Arabic)
Halli, Muqdadah ibn Abdullah al-Siyuri (1984). Al-Tanqih al-Ra'iyyah, first edition, Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Library. (in Arabic)
Hamiri, Abdullah Ibn Ja'far (1992). Qarbah al-Asnad, first edition, Qom: Al-Bayt (peace be upon them). (in Arabic)
Hosseini Ameli, Sayyid Javad Ibn Muhammad (1998). Al-Muftahha Al-Karama, first edition, Publications of the Teachers Association. (in Arabic)
Hurr Ameli, Muhammad Ibn Hassan (1983). Wasa'il al-Shi'a, fifth edition, Beirut, Dar al-Hayya al-Tarath al-Arabi. (in Arabic)
Ibn Athir Jazri, Mubarak Ibn Muhammad (1988). The End in Strange Hadith and Effect, Fourth Edition, Qom: Ismaili Press Institute. (in Arabic)
Ibn Fares, Ahmad Ibn Fares (1984). Dictionary of Comparison of Language, first edition, Qom: Islamic Media School. (in Arabic)
Ibn Manzur, Muhammad Ibn Mukarram (1993). Arabic language, third edition, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr-Dar Sadr. (in Arabic)
Ibn Qudama, Abdullah Ibn Ahmad (1968). Al-Mughni, Cairo: published by the Cairo Library. (in Arabic)
Ibrahim Mustafa, and Ahmad al-Zayat, and Hamid Abd al-Qadir, and Muhammad al-Najjar, (n.d.). Al-Wajit Dictionary, Cairo: Dar al-Dawa.
Isfahani, Mohammad Hussein (1997). margin of the book of achievements, first edition, Qom: Anwar al-Huda. (in Arabic)
Isfahani, Seyed Abolhassan (2001), The Means of Salvation (Imam Khomeini's Conquest), First Edition, Qom: Imam Khomeini Publishing House. (in Arabic)
Katozian, Nasser (2014). Civil Law in the Current Legal Order, 42nd Edition, Tehran: Mizan. (in Persain)
Khoei, Sayed Abul Qasim (1989). Minhajat al-Saleheen, twenty-eighth edition, Qom: published by Madinah al-Alam. (in Arabic)
---------- (n.d.). Mesbah Al-Fiqh, (Place, n.d.). (in Arabic)
Khomeini, Sayed Ruhollah (2000). Kitab al-Bayi, first edition, Tehran: Institute for Organizing and Publishing the Works of Imam Khomeini. (in Arabic)
---------- (n.d.). Tahrir al-Wasila, first edition, Qom: Dar al-Alam. (in Arabic)
Klini, Mohammad Ibn Ya'qub (1987). Kafi, Tehran: Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiyya Publications. (in Arabic)
Maghribi, Nu'man Ibn Muhammad (1965). Du'aim al-Islam, second edition, Qom: Al-Bayt (peace be upon them). (in Arabic)
Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir bin Muhammad Taqi (1983). Bahar al-Anwar, second edition, Beirut: Dar al-Hayya al-Tarath al-Arabi. (in Arabic)
Mohaghegh Damad, Seyed Mostafa (1988). "Hoarding" in the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, first edition, Tehran: Great Islamic Encyclopedia Center. (in Arabic)
Mohaghegh Sabzwari, Mohammad Baqir bin Muhammad Mo'men (2002). Kifayat al-Ahkam, first edition, Qom: Society of Teachers. (in Arabic)
Mohaghegh Thani, Ali Ibn Hussein (1993). Jama'at al-Maqassid, second edition, Qom: Al-Albayt (peace be upon them). (in Arabic)
Mufid, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1992). Al-Muqna'a, first edition, Qom: Sheikh Mufid Millennium World Congress. (in Arabic)
Najafi, Mohammad Hassan (1984). Jawahar al-Kalam, seventh edition, Beirut, Dar Al-Hayya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi. (in Arabic)
Naraqi, Ahmad (1994). Shiite Documentary, first edition, Qom: Al-Albayt (peace be upon them). (in Arabic)
Ravandi, Saeed Ibn Abdullah( 1984). Fiqh al-Quran, second edition, Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Library. (in Arabic)
Saduq, Muhammad ibn Ali (1982). Al-Khasal, Qom: Publications of the Society of Teachers. (in Arabic)
---------- (1992). Manola Yahdhra al-Faqih, second edition, Qom: publications of the Society of Teachers. (in Arabic)
---------- (1415 AH 1994). Al-Muqna, first edition, Qom: Imam Hadi (peace be upon him). (in Arabic)
Salar, Hamza Ibn Abd al-Aziz (1981). Al-Arasim Al-Alawiya, first edition, Qom: Al-Harmain Publications. (in Arabic)
Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din bin Ali (1992). The School of Understanding, first edition, Qom: Islamic Knowledge Foundation. (in Arabic)
---------- (1989). Al-Rawdah al-Bahiyyah (Al-Mahshi Kalantar), first edition, Qom: Davari Bookstore. (in Arabic)
Sharif Razi, Mohammad Ibn Hussein (1993). Nahj al-Balaghah, first edition, Qom: Hijrat Publishing. (in Arabic)
Sistani, Seyed Ali (1414 AH 1993). The rule of no harm and no harm, first edition, Qom: the office of Ayatollah Sistani. (in Arabic)
Tabatabai, Ali Ibn Muhammad (1997). Riyadh al-Masa'il, first edition, Qom: Al-Bayt (peace be upon them). (in Arabic)
Tarihi, Fakhreddin Ibn Mohammad (1996). Bahrain Assembly, third edition, Tehran, Mortazavi Publishing. (in Arabic)
The first martyr, Mohammad Ibn Makki (1996). Sharia courses, second edition, Qom: Teachers Association Publications. (in Arabic)
---------- (1989). Al-Lama'a Al-Damashqiya, first edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Tarath-Al-Dar Al-Islamiya. (in Arabic)
Tusi, Mohammad Ibn Hassan (1970). Al-Istibsar, first edition, Tehran, Islamic Library. (in Arabic)
---------- (1987). Tahdhib al-Ahkam, Realization: Khorasan, Hassan al-Musawi, Tehran: Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiyya. (in Arabic)
---------- (2008). Al-Mabsut Fi Fiqh Al-Imamiyya, third edition, Tehran: Al-Muktabah Al-Mortazaviyah. (in Arabic)
Zamakhshari, Mahmud Ibn Omar (1986). Al-Kashaf, third edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi. (in Arabic)
Nouri,S H and Nouri,S A . (2022). Hoarding in Islamic Jurisprudence and 'Alawi's Conduct; A Survey of the Dominant Doctrine about the Area of Cases of Hoarding. Religious Researches, 18(3), 807-838. doi: 10.22059/jorr.2021.320755.1009063
MLA
Nouri,S H , and Nouri,S A . "Hoarding in Islamic Jurisprudence and 'Alawi's Conduct; A Survey of the Dominant Doctrine about the Area of Cases of Hoarding", Religious Researches, 18, 3, 2022, 807-838. doi: 10.22059/jorr.2021.320755.1009063
HARVARD
Nouri S H, Nouri S A. (2022). 'Hoarding in Islamic Jurisprudence and 'Alawi's Conduct; A Survey of the Dominant Doctrine about the Area of Cases of Hoarding', Religious Researches, 18(3), pp. 807-838. doi: 10.22059/jorr.2021.320755.1009063
CHICAGO
S H Nouri and S A Nouri, "Hoarding in Islamic Jurisprudence and 'Alawi's Conduct; A Survey of the Dominant Doctrine about the Area of Cases of Hoarding," Religious Researches, 18 3 (2022): 807-838, doi: 10.22059/jorr.2021.320755.1009063
VANCOUVER
Nouri S H, Nouri S A. Hoarding in Islamic Jurisprudence and 'Alawi's Conduct; A Survey of the Dominant Doctrine about the Area of Cases of Hoarding. Religious Researches. 2022;18(3):807-838 (In Persian). doi: 10.22059/jorr.2021.320755.1009063