Mohammad Rasul Ahangaran استادیار دانشکدۀ الهیات پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران author Hamid Reza Zand کارشناسی ارشد حقوق جزا، دانشگاه آزاد واحد قم author Fatemeh Zargarpur کارشناسی ارشد فقه و مبانی حقوق، پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران author text article 2013 per At avoid violating the intellectual property rights of criminal policy aimed atmaintaining the original Sarfkry including scientific , literary, artistic , scientificand literary alleged theft of public telecommunications law in 1304 officiallystarted. But more important than protecting the rights , property types andprinciples of its formation , validity, legitimacy and credibility of the system, i. e.,as long as the law and the law cannot be proved , it cannot be argued details andthe works associated necessary intellectual property rights jurisprudence is to beexamined . therefore continue discussions on legal documents that will prove thelegitimacy of this type of property , are discussed . University of Tehran 2008-8388 9 v. 3 no. 2013 1 28 https://jorr.ut.ac.ir/article_36180_221ba015a0857bcd86cc51a6ccf282d2.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2013.36180 Mohammad Sardueinasab استادیار پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران author Mohammad Moludi استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا author Javad Eivazi دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا author text article 2013 per Plaintiff In civil litigation from the beginning which deals with petition to theend of litigation which the judge sets out a verdict, to reach his wasted or deniedright and to stabilize it, should comply with rules of proceeding and state matter offact and matters of law and prove the claim. Therefor he must propose four issuesand prove them to reach the relief sought: 1.Formal rules of procedure 2.Matter offact 3.Evidence 4.Matter of law. The defendant defends, against the four issuesmentioned, to prevent formation of proceeding and rebut the plaintiff’s claim toprevent a conviction on the subject of the claim. Generally response of defendantdivides to procedural and substantive defenses . Therefore it’s necessary toanalyze the scope of defenses and especially substantive defenses which are thispaper’s subject. Considering the issues mentioned, different method and groundsof defense, it could be said that substantive defense which occurs after enteringinto merit of the litigation, consists of defense against matters of law and fact andevidences. University of Tehran 2008-8388 9 v. 3 no. 2013 29 54 https://jorr.ut.ac.ir/article_36181_684474a34aa6b94803fcc0d955eb3a47.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2013.36181 Ali Mohammadian کارشناس ارشد دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی قزوین author Elaheh Gholizadeh کارشناس ارشد دانشگاه مازندران author Mohammad Mohseni Dehkalani استادیار دانشگاه مازندران author Mohammad Reza Elmi Soola استادیار دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد author text article 2013 per Majority of Imamiye jurists believe that in organs nemesis (or Tarf nemesis)equality of both organs in healthy is necessary. They say that healthy organ vis-àvisunhealthy organ is not retribution. However in the opposite case, they has notcommitted to this judgment. Scilicet, they say that unhealthy organ vis-à-vishealthy organ is retribution.The legislator in the Islamic penal code (approved1392) by accepting this theory in part “d” of article 393 has provided: “ In organnemesis other than the general conditions of nemesis, the following conditionsshould also be observed: …d) Not to be retribution of healthy organ against theunhealthy organ.” This theory had been discussed in the Islamic penal code(approved 1370) under article 274 by this phrase: “Healthy organ vis-à-visunhealthy organ is not retribution.”Authors with analysis the majority word and measurement it conclude thatdocumentation provided is not intended and sufficient for proving this claim. Webelieve that mere equality in name of organs is adequacy and for retributionequality in specifications of organ is not necessary. Although this theory is againstthe view of majority of Imamiye jurists, but some contemporaries as well asconsistent with our theory. Also this view, unlike competing quote, is consistentwith generals of nemesis evidences and the basic rules in nemesis chapter demandit. University of Tehran 2008-8388 9 v. 3 no. 2013 55 84 https://jorr.ut.ac.ir/article_36182_954df96a126b368f9c06e6d67746a8db.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2013.36182 Abbas Ali Soltani دانشیار دانشکدۀ الهیات دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد author Fatemeh Karachian Sani کارشناس ارشد فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد author text article 2013 per In the modern world occur updated issues that it is selecting dying Whenincurable sickness or intolerance disease that caused by aging .In this study we tryto express with proof of legal rules "necessary to self-preservation" that of thereligion of Islam respect to human life And that the primary purpose of religion isprotection of pure human life as far as disappointing from grace and mercy of Godand the selection of death is great sin and deserving punishment is severe.Although in the rule Jurisprudence as a rule not be considered self-preservationbut among the many chapters of jurisprudence stress on respect the right to life forhuman. University of Tehran 2008-8388 9 v. 3 no. 2013 85 114 https://jorr.ut.ac.ir/article_36183_aafcf90fc9abf283e31995a61c32a3b3.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2013.36183 Mojtaba Elahian استادیار دانشکدۀ الهیات پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران author Hassan Absavaran استادیار دانشکدۀ الهیات پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران author text article 2013 per The rule of law is widely used in almost all chapters applicable law so it isappropriate to discuss the key issues to be discussed. Wrappers and violated theprovisions of the rule is that if the current legal actions did And then we have aright to do Based on this we've done it the correct Verb If you are part of a verband its components would be the place to do it than in the past .because this ruleonly with verifiable accounts of the circuit are discussed as well as around theword In these stories, the main three words "Javz " Mzy "and " Wrappers "Thereis a review and investigation I found that the first two words are synonymous Andthe third term effects and results of the first two words have meaning. What thesenarratives belong in a legal action is expressed in absolute uncertainty that is whyit is sometimes true and sometimes skeptical doubts the existence, Thus, theprinciple of the unity of the evidence and the proof is.This rule is also applicable tomost criteria Symptoms of Practical criteria. University of Tehran 2008-8388 9 v. 3 no. 2013 115 138 https://jorr.ut.ac.ir/article_36184_b479fc19c413e3590ff465d5ac4057f2.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2013.36184 Mahdi Farmanian استادیار دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب. author Mohammad Moinifar دانشجوی دکتری و پژوهشگر پژوهشکدۀ دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب author text article 2013 per One of the practices, particularly important in Shi'ism is to pay khums.SomeSunnites believe there is merely one verse in Quran concerning khums; thus itisnot so important. This single verse includes the spoils of war, not business profitand trade as Shiites believe in it. But Shiites criticize Sunnites argument asfollows: 1- firstly, there is more than one Quranic verse regarding it, secondlyamong the verses on the leading ritual of Hadj, we do rely on a single verse toprove it; Henceforth, Can't we apply this rule to Khums? 3- The Sunnitesthemselves refer to some narrations on paying Khums. The consensus of Muslimsto pay khums is one of the reasons given by Shiites in response to Sunnites,especially Wahhabism. This research on one hand suggests the arguments raisedby Shiites and on the other surveys the arguments of Sunnites.The result of this research firmly asserts the weakness of Sunnites argumentsand the strength of Shiites' arguments as a religious duty. University of Tehran 2008-8388 9 v. 3 no. 2013 139 156 https://jorr.ut.ac.ir/article_36185_c1aa1f387f1ecd32ee121753b08ede3e.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2013.36185 Hussein Abuey استادیار و عضو هیأت علمی رشتۀ فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی دانشگاه یزد. author Fatemeh Rokh کارشناس ارشد رشتۀ فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی دانشگاه یزد author Ali Tavallaei استادیار و عضو هیأت علمی رشتۀ فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی دانشگاه یزد. author text article 2013 per Delineating of mahrolmesl that is stated as "mahr nisaaha" in narratives, is oneof the assessed and exquisite affairs that many evidences cause its difference andvalue diversity in seemingly similar instances. In juridical texts on the basis ofnarratives, some localities have been assigned for paying mahrolmesl. Althoughcustom and thrift of man, are determinant but in this arena, they find a vital roleand always are considered under other titles and epithets. The Persia civil code inprovision 1091 using heavy, similar, repetitive and sometimes imprecisephrases, expresses the method of delineating mahrolmesl. This article by exquisitesurvey in juridical texts and utilizing narratives, provides the possibility ofeffective criterion analysis in delineating of mahrolmesl. The general criterion isthis: whatever from epithets, criteria and individuals that impresses on increasingand decreasing of mahrolmesl, should be considered. To avoid from thisgeneralization, this article introduces epithets and the legal and the customconcepts of them, with a detailed and amplified method. As the result, thisresearch suggests the modification of provision 1091, for the discipline ofmahrolmesl evaluating. University of Tehran 2008-8388 9 v. 3 no. 2013 157 186 https://jorr.ut.ac.ir/article_36186_74c35afbe52057a298130834c391b0aa.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jorr.2013.36186